Peru Trip Extensions

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CARAL RUINS

Length: 2 Days/1 Night from Lima
Season: Year Round
Introduction: In 2001 researchers stunned the archaeological community by carbon-dating the ruins at Caral back to 2627 BC. This changed history by proving that a complex urban society existed in the Americas around the same time as the ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The 163 acre complex features a variety of housing for different social classes, from spacious homes for wealthy families near an important pyramid, to apartment-like buildings for workers. We step back in time to an early civilization, touring the complex that UNESCO has declared a World Heritage Site. Also notable is that there were no war items or weapons found, indicating a peaceful people, concentrating on fishing, farming and trading.

Day-by-Day Itinerary
DAY 01: LIMA/CARAL/LIMA
Depart the Costa del Sol Hotel at the Lima airport at 8am and drive north along the coastal Panamerican highway. We stop briefly at the new Bandurria site overlooking the Pacific Ocean that was constructed around the same time period, we then continue driving to Caral arriving at noon for a picnic lunch. In the early afternoon, we begin touring the site until 3:30-4pm. En route back to Lima, we stop at Albufera de Medio Mundo for a chance to walk along the beach looking for sea birds. Arrive back at the airport by 8pm in time to make connecting international flights or transfer to the Costa del Sol Hotel. (B,L)

DAY 02: LIMA/CUSCO (or elsewhere in Peru)
Transfer to the airport with check-in assistance for a flight to Cusco. (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$ 485 p.p.d. (2 participants)
$ 405 p.p.d. (3 participants)
$ 365 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 80 Single Supplement
p.p.d. = per person double occupancy.

Notes on the Itinerary: Extension cost includes a private guide/escort from Lima, one night hotel accommodation based on double occupancy at the property listed or similar, meals as indicated, entrance fees and private transportation/driver as described above. The extension cost does not include any flights within Peru. This extension involves a total of 7 hours driving and is recommended before your visit of Cusco & Machu Picchu.

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NAZCA LINES

Length: 3 Days/2 Nights from Lima
Season: Year Round
Introduction: The mysterious lines etched into the coastal plains near the town of Nazca have fascinated scientists, archaeologists and visitors for decades. In 1901, extensive excavations determined that the inhabitants who drew these lines were a separate culture, distinct from their predecessor, the Paracas culture. Best viewed from the air, Nazca figures such as the monkey, fish, hands & whale are the highlight of this tour which also includes a drive along the Peruvian coast (the northern extension of the Atacama Desert), the pre-Inca archaeological site of Pachacamac, and some coastal communities!

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
DAY 01: LIMA/ICA
We begin by driving 3.5 hours south through the Pacific coastal desert to Ica, visiting the extensive pre-Inca archaeological site of Pachacamac en route. We arrive, after having lunch at a typical seafood restaurant, and check into the Resort/Hotel Las Dunas. In the afternoon we visit the Regional museum which houses a good collection of textiles, ceramics and artifacts from the Paracas, Nazca and Inca cultures. Dinner is at the hotel. (L,D)

DAY 02: NAZCA/LIMA
We board a Cessna (or similar, small plane) for the 40 min flight to the Nazca Plains to view the mysterious drawings in the desert. The overflight takes about 25 minutes. There is much circling, so a motion sickness remedy and light breakfast is advised. Returning to Ica, we drive back to Lima, stopping en route for lunch and a visit to a typical vineyard or factory for which this region is famous. Accommodations are at the Costa del Sol Hotel located at the airport. Dinner is on your own this evening. (B,L)

DAY 03: LIMA/USA (or elsewhere in Peru)
Transfer to the airport and check-in assistance for the flight back to the USA. (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$1,375 p.p.d. (2 participants)
$1,275 p.p.d. (3 participants)
$1,175 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 155 Single Supplement
p.p.d. = per person double or triple occupancy

Notes on the Itinerary: Extension cost includes the overflight of the Nazca Lines in a 4-12 seat plane, private guide/escort from Lima, hotel accommodations based on double occupancy at the facilities listed or similar, meals as indicated, entrance fees and private transportation/driver as described above. The extension cost does not include any other flights within Peru or services, meals or accommodations not described. Visibility may not be optimal as the Cessna planes have small windows and some travelers may be seated in the center row, reservations are not accepted in advance for window seating, seats are assigned onsite.

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NORTHERN PERU

Length: 4 Days/3 Nights from Lima
Season: Year Round
Introduction: Peru has been the cradle for civilization in South America for centuries. Long before the Incas controlled the country, sophisticated cultures existed along the Peruvian coast; and northern Peru is one of the best destinations for visiting the remains of their cities. Moche sites including the renowned Lord of Sipan (where one of the most important archaeological finds of the 20th century was unearthed) and the pyramids, as well as the world's largest adobe city, Chan Chan, built later by the Chimu culture, are visited on this exciting extension.

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
DAY 01: LIMA/CHICLAYO
Early morning transfer to the airport in Lima for the flight to Chiclayo. Arrival reception and drive to the nearby town of Lambayeque to visit the new and majestic Royal Tombs of Sipan Museum. Designed in the shape of a pyramid and composed of 5 prisms, this museum houses hundreds of dazzling, priceless artifacts, and will be the final resting place for the Lord of Sipan himself. Then we continue to Tucumé to see the valley of the 26 pyramids. After a typical lunch, we return to Chiclayo and continue to the archaeological site where the Lord of Sipan was discovered. Overnight at the comfortable Grand Hotel Chiclayo. Dinner is on your own. (B,L)

DAY 02: CHICLAYO/TRUJILLO
We drive to Trujillo, Peru's third largest city and a charming, colonial jewel known as the "City of Eternal Spring". En route we visit El Brujo, a Moche archaeological site & religious center in the Chicama valley. Once in Trujillo, we check-in to the Hotel Libertador, located on the main square, surrounded by colonial mansions. After lunch we join our guide to visit the intriguing Moche Temples of the Sun and Moon, dating back 1500 years. Dinner is on your own. Driving distance: 140 miles or 3.5 hours. (B,L)

DAY 03: TRUJILLO/LIMA
This morning we visit the Rainbow Temple near the former, ruined capital of the Chimu Empire, Chan Chan. Designated a World Heritage Site, it was built around 1300 A.D. Conquered by the Incas in 1471, it is considered the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas and the largest adobe city in the world. We enjoy lunch in the coastal fishing village of Huanchaco. This area is known for its caballitos, or Totora reed boats, similar to those depicted on Moche ceramics 1,500 years ago. We enjoy a brief tour of Colonial Trujillo before transferring to the airport for the evening flight to Lima and the Costa del Sol Hotel. Dinner is on your own. (B,L)

DAY 04: LIMA/USA
Pick-up at the hotel and return to the airport for the flight home (or elsewhere in Peru). (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$1,015 p.p.d. (2 participants)
$ 915 p.p.d. (3 participants)
$ 845 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 190 Single Supplement

p.p.d.=per person based on double or triple occupancy. Price does not include local flights.

Notes on the Itinerary: Because daily air service may not be available between Trujillo or Chiclayo and Lima, please check with your Southwind Travel Consultant for information on current flight schedules. This extension can also be followed in an opposite direction, beginning in Trujillo, including all the above highlights, and ending in Chiclayo.

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AREQUIPA AND COLCA CANYON

Length: 4 days/3 nights from Lima
Season: Mid-April to mid-November
Introduction: Twice as deep as the Grand Canyon, Colca Canyon in southern Peru is one of the deepest in the world. Since its walls are not as vertical, the valley is filled with small towns that preserve their ancestral traditions, such as maintaining the terraced mountainsides that have been farmed since before the time of the Incas. Highlights include a stop at Cruz del Condor, where we watch the rare Andean Condor float on thermals rising from the valley floor, a dip in natural hot springs, and short nature hikes and walking tours of the charming villages along the way. We begin this adventure with a tour of Peru's second-largest city, Arequipa, which is known as the "White City" for the white volcanic stone used in its buildings.

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
Day 01: AREQUIPA
Transfer to airport for flight to Arequipa. Arrive in the early afternoon and transfer to the Libertador Hotel followed by a short tour of the city, including its main square, Cathedral and the Santa Catalina Convent (dating back to 1580 it is the oldest convent in Peru, and still cloisters nuns). We also visit the unique Santuarios Andinos Museum, which contains the frozen body of the Inca ice maiden, "Juanita", sacrificed near the summit of Ampato over five centuries ago. Lunch and dinner are on your own. (B)

Day 02: AREQUIPA/COLCA CANYON
Morning scenic drive to Colca along a paved road, passing by the Aguada Blanca Reserve and Pampa Cañahuas where we may see the gracious Vicuñas, a small relative of the llamas. View Misti and Chachani Peaks. Continue to Chivay via the Patapampa route and crossing a high pass at 15,745’. View of the mountains Ampato (20,935'), Sabancaya & Hualca-Hualca. Spectacular descent towards Chivay and continue a short distance to the Colca Lodge (10,665'). Driving distance: 105 Mi – 4.5 hours. (B,L,D)

Day 03: COLCA CANYON
Drive along a dirt road to Cruz del Condor look-out and possibly spot condors, the world’s largest flying bird, with a wing span of 10ft. Visit and walk by typical towns along the canyon rim, including: Yanque and its picturesque 18th century church; Achoma and Maca for impressive pre-Inca terraces. Picnic lunch included. Return to the Colca Lodge for a dip in their hot springs and then dinner and overnight. Driving distance: 45 Mi – 2 hours. (B,L,D)

Day 04: COLCA CANYON/AREQUIPA
On a morning visit to the nearby village of Coporaque we notice the uniquely decorated clothing style in this region. A short hike leads to impressive views of Colcas, or sacred grain deposits, in an inaccessible canyon. After lunch back at the Lodge, afternoon return drive to Arequipa following the same paved road and overnight at the Libertador Hotel. Driving distance: 125 Mi – 5 hours. (B,L)

Day 05: AREQUIPA
Transfer to airport for flight to Lima or another destination. (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$1,575 p.p.d. (2 participants)
$1,425 p.p.d. (3 participants)
$1,325 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 155 Single Supplement

p.p.d.=per person based on double or triple occupancy. Price does not include local flights.

Notes on the Itinerary: Land Cost Includes private vehicle, driver & guide, plus lodging, meals and tours as described on the itinerary. An upgrade for 2 nights at the exclusive Orient-Express Las Casitas del Colca is available for an additional fee (Casita King or Twin for double or single occupancy). Please, contact your Southwind Travel Consultant for additional details.

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LAKE TITICACA

Length: 4 Days/3 Nights from Cusco or Lima
Season: April to November
Introduction: For those who want to experience authentic Quechua culture first-hand, and to feel like you've traveled back in time, nothing beats a visit with a family on Taquile Island, one of Lake Titicaca's natural islands. Isolated from the modern world until the last half of the twentieth-century, Taquile's inhabitants retain a relatively untainted culture handed down from Inca times. Equally fascinating are the man-made floating reed islands of the Uros Indians in the Bay of Puno. This cultural extension explores life in the Altiplano, the highland desertic plains, with the world's highest navigable lake.

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
DAY 01: LIMA OR CUSCO/PUNO
Pick up at your hotel and transfer to the airport for the flight to Juliaca. From here we drive to the town of Puno located on the shores of Lake Titicaca at 12,505' (1 hour drive). For travelers beginning in Cusco, we will drive by tourist bus from Cusco to Puno. Along the way we have a guided visit of the enigmatic Sillustani Burial Towers overlooking Lake Umayo. Upon arrival, we transfer to the Libertador Hotel, located on a peninsula jutting into Lake Titicaca, not far from Puno. The remainder of the afternoon is unstructured for personal explorations. Welcome dinner with your guide this evening at one of the finest restaurants in town. (B,D)

DAY 02: PUNO/TAQUILE ISLAND
After breakfast, we drive to the nearby docks to board a comfortable catamaran style boat with covered seating area for 30 passengers, panoramic windows and modern safety equipment for the 1.5-hour ride across Lake Titicaca to Taquile Island. En route, we stop at one of the fascinating, floating Uros Islands. Upon arrival to Taquile, we walk 40 minutes along a trail leading to the peaceful island village of Huayllano to learn about the ancient ways of the Incas from the people who consider themselves their true descendants. We watch as locals build their boats, till their fields, weave their mantas and hats, care for their medicinal herbs and plants or possibly hold a communal meeting or celebration in the town square. After lunch in a simple restaurant serving local cuisine, we have a chance to purchase exquisite textiles directly from weavers before we return to the docks and board our catamaran for the return navigation to Puno. We transfer to the familiar Libertador Hotel, dinner is on your own tonight. Note: This visit is in seat-in-boat basis (non-Southwind passengers also aboard) but privately escorted and takes 3 hours roundtrip. While comfortable, motion sickness remedies are advised. (B,L)

DAY 03: PUNO/LIMA OR CUSCO
We drive back across the Altiplano to the airport in Juliaca for the flight to Lima. Reception and transfer to the Costa del Sol Hotel. This afternoon we enjoy a guided tour of colonial Lima and the Larco Herrera Museum. Lunch and dinner are on your own today. Travelers departing Puno for Cusco will travel overland or fly (if available). In Cusco, accommodations are at the Libertador Hotel and dinner is on your own. (B)

DAY 04: LIMA/USA
We are picked-up at the hotel this morning & those returning to the USA go to the airport and have check-in assistance. Those going on to another Southwind adventure in Cusco begin their next itinerary. (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$ 975 p.p.d. (2 participants)
$ 925 p.p.d. (3 participants)
$ 845 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 190 Single Supplement

p.p.d.=per person based on double or triple occupancy. Price does not include local flights.

Notes on the Itinerary: : For those traveling to/from Cusco and Juliaca, flights are limited. A seat-in-car tourism vehicle takes participants between Cusco and Puno. It is a 7-hour scenic ride that includes stops at communities and a visit to the Inca site of Raqchi and/or the Sillustani Burial Towers. If 4-6 Southwind travelers are doing the extension, a private vehicle with an escort/guide can be provided at an additional cost of $145 per person. Another option is the comfortable new Orient Express train servicing Cusco-Puno-Cusco. The scenic ride is 10 hours and departs on Mondays, Wednesdays & Saturdays only. Please call for current train cost and schedules.

We recommend an overnight stay in Arequipa (7,675') before the Titicaca Extension if it is being done prior to visiting the Cusco region in order to begin acclimating to the elevations of the Altiplano highlands. This is especially true for those who live at sea-level or at lower elevations.

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CUSCO AMAZON LODGES
Reserva Amazonica(pictured) or Sandoval Lake Lodge

Length: 4 Days/3 Nights from Cusco or Lima
Season: April to December
Introduction: Families and travelers with limited time, who want a taste of the Amazon Basin rainforests, will enjoy the new Reserva Amazonica or Sandoval Lake lodges. Located 30-45 min by motor boat from Puerto Maldonado, these lodges offer excellent wildlife viewing. Both allow access to small oxbow lakes as well as several miles of forest trails and rivers for the chance to visit different habitats. Each lodge provides a variety of natural history experiences, plus the opportunity to maximize wildlife encounters. The lodges are built in the style and tradition of the native communities, with thatched-roofs and ecologically harvested, driftwood mahogany (or similar) flooring. Accommodations for 50-80 guests are in twin bed double rooms (beds have mosquito netting). Both lodges have private bathrooms with hot showers and flush toilets. Meals are in a communal dining area. Comfortable lounge/rest areas have hammocks, chairs and tables. Electricity is available at both lodges. A recently built, 1,095' long canopy walkway is available near the Reserva Amazonica. The structure has 7 hanging bridges and 8 treetop observation platforms.

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
DAY 01: CUSCO/PUERTO MALDONADO
Transfer to the Cusco airport. Check-in assistance for the flight to Puerto Maldonado is provided. Upon arrival, we transfer by motorized canoe to the lodge for an afternoon orientation activity (hiking or canoeing on the lakes). This evening we enjoy a nighttime search for caiman along the lake or river shore. (L,D)

DAYS 02-03: RESERVA AMAZONICA OR LAKE SANDOVAL LODGE
Each morning we can enjoy a pre-dawn excursion to look for giant river otters and birds (hoatzin, rufescent tiger heron and Amazon kingfishers are often seen along the river). Mornings and afternoons can be spent hiking the trails, paddling on the lake or down a stream to watch for monkeys such as the brown capuchin, one of 6 species frequently spotted at the lodges. In the evenings we can enjoy nature walks or canoe outings in search of monkeys, bats and other nocturnal creatures. All meals are at the lodge. (B,L,D)

DAY 04: PUERTO MALDONADO/LIMA/USA
Following breakfast, we return to Puerto Maldonado by boat and fly to Lima. We are met upon arrival and tour the colonial sector of Lima and the Larco Herrera Museum. Some time will be on your own to explore Miraflores and taste the well-known Peruvian seafood cuisine. Return to the airport with assistance for the flight back home. Lunch and dinner are on your own. (B)

2010 LAND COST:

Reserva Amazonica Lodge:
$ 995 p.p.d. (2-3 participants)
$ 935 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 225 Single Supplement

Sandoval Lake Lodge:
$ 775 p.p.d. (2-3 participants)
$ 725 p.p.d. (4-6 participants)
$ 160 Single Supplement

p.p.d.=per person based on double or triple occupancy. Price does not include local flights.

Notes on the Itinerary: : Although wildlife viewing will be carefully pursued, spotting specific species or certain numbers of birds and animals cannot be guaranteed. The focus of this extension is on learning about the rainforest and getting an introductory feel for the Amazon rather than seeing or seeking specific wildlife species. If wildlife is your focus, a longer, more extensive trip should be taken (e.g. Manu Rainforest Adventure or Tambopata Amazon Wildlife). Excursions at both lodges are led by English-speaking, resident, naturalist guides, and groups are made up of various lodge guests.

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MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Manu Wildlife Center (Departs Thursdays & Saturdays)

Length: 6 Days/5 Nights from Cusco
Season: May to October
Introduction: For travelers wanting to maximize their wildlife viewing opportunities in a short extension, no place in the Amazon Basin can compete with Manu National Park in southeastern Peru. Considered one of the most pristine and important rainforest preserves on the planet, Manu offers the greatest concentration of wildlife and birds within the Amazon Basin (not including Brazil's Pantanal or the Llanos in Venezuela which are both outside of Amazonia). The park was created in 1973 (designated as a Biosphere Reserve in 1977), and there are an estimated 20,000 plant species, plus more than 1000 species of birds and 13 species of monkeys, recorded within its boundaries. The area is home to endangered wildlife such as the Andean spectacled bear, giant river otter and black caiman, as well as several primitive Indian tribes, and Manu is one of the best places in the Amazon to spot rarely observed species such as the ocelot, jaguar or harpy eagle. The Manu Wildlife Center provides an ideal base to explore the region. The lodge is situated about 2 hours down the Madre de Dios River from the dirt landing field at Boca Manu.

Day-by-Day Itinerary:
DAY 01: CUSCO/MANU WILDLIFE CENTER
You are picked up at your hotel and transferred to the airport to board an 8 or 12-passenger turbo prop plane for the exciting 40 min flight across the Andes and down into the low elevation forests of Manu Reserve. Landing at the dirt airstrip at Boca Manu, we walk to the river where a 55', open motorized canoe is waiting. We load our gear and journey to the lodge. As we navigate the river, each bend brings a vista of unspoiled beauty. We'll keep our eyes open for birds such as the toucan, tiger heron, jabiru stork, and colorful macaws and parrots. With luck we may spot other wildlife, like the black or white caiman, tapir (South America's largest terrestrial mammal which can weigh up to 660 pounds), wild pig, red deer, and river turtles who like to bask in the sun on a fallen tree trunk. We arrive to the lodge at noon and locate our rooms before lunch. In the afternoon, we head out on a short introductory nature hike. Dinner is at the lodge this evening. (L,D)

DAY 02: MANU RESERVE
Rising before dawn, we listen to the chorus of cries from birds, monkeys and insects as they greet the coming day and delineate their territories. A hearty breakfast gets us ready for our first nature hike. Trails wind through the jungle, allowing us to observe trees such as ficus, palm, and rubber as well as several species of flowering plants. This is an excellent time to look for monkeys, visitors frequently observe up to 12 species including spider, squirrel and howler monkeys as well as pygmy marmosets and the white-moustached emperor tamarin. Amazon wildlife is less active during the heat of the day, so we return to the lodge for a lunch which might include fresh fish caught locally. An afternoon hike lets us search for birds and mammals, observe dozens of fascinating insects and multi-hued butterflies and learn about uses for native plants. After dark, we will take the canoes out in search of caiman, watching for their glowing red eyes with our flashlights. (B,L,D)

DAY 03: MANU RESERVE
Leaving early this morning, we may return to the river and our open canoes for a journey to one of the area's pristine oxbow lakes. Some of the birds we could spot include neotropical cormorants, terns, ringed kingfishers, parakeets, and black skimmers; and at the lake we may see a family of giant river otters, one of the Amazon's rarest mammals, which can reach 6 feet in length and weigh up to 70 pounds. These lakes are also home to the endangered black caiman, and the surrounding forest to several species of monkeys, including red howler and capuchin. Multicolored butterflies (the Peruvian Amazon boasts more than 4000 species) float past us as we paddle our native-style dugout canoes around the lake, watching for wildlife to appear. Returning to the river, we board our motor canoes to head back to the Lodge. (B,L,D)

DAY 04: MANU RESERVE
An early morning boat trip takes us to a macaw and parrot roosting and nesting site. Here, we can climb 25-40' observation towers to the tree tops (typically the most active level of the forest). Another visit might include an old oxbow lake with dozens of colorful blue and yellow and red-bellied macaw nests. After lunch back at the lodge, we'll enjoy a guided nature hike along one of the many trails to look for more wildlife. (B,L,D)

DAY 05: MANU/CUSCO
Returning to the river after breakfast, we board our canoes to begin the journey back toward the confluence of the Manu and Madre de Dios rivers. Experienced at recognizing wildlife among the dense vegetation along the river's banks, the group typically can spot many more birds and mammals than on the way into the lodge. At the Boca Manu airstrip we catch our plane back to Cusco. The afternoon is at leisure. Hotel accommodations are at the Libertador Hotel. Lunch and dinner are on your own. (B)

DAY 06: CUSCO/LIMA/USA
Pick up at the hotel at noon to drive to the airport for the flight back to Lima. We are met upon arrival and tour the colonial sector of Lima and briefly the Larco Herrera Museum. Some time is on your own to explore Miraflores and taste the well-known Peruvian seafood cuisine. Return to the airport with check-in assistance for the flight back home. Lunch and dinner are on your own. (B)

2010 LAND COST:
$1,995 p.p.d. (2-4 participants)
$ 415 Single Supplement

p.p.d.=per person based on double occupancy. Local air (Lima-Cusco-Lima) is not included.

Manu Wildlife Center (MWC): : The center is one of the newest lodges in the vicinity of Manu National Park. Located on the Madre de Dios River, it consists of 22 double occupancy bungalows with private baths and hot water showers (twin beds only). An airy, rustic dining room has electricity provided by a generator mostly at night). All facilities are screened for comfort. The lodge has 30 miles of scientifically-designed forest trails, home to 12 species of monkeys. A number of large game birds such as the razor-billed curassows and pale-winged trumpeters often pass within 200 yards of the lodge. A walk through the forest leads to a 13' high Tapir Clay Lick blind used to observe and photograph South America's largest land mammal. It is reported that 85% of the MWC guests see tapirs on their first or second try-in most parts of the Amazon, this animal is more difficult to spot than the jaguar. A 25 min ride downstream is the Blanquillo Macaw Clay Lick, where a floating blind allows guests to approach within 20-30 yards of the clay bank. Two nearby oxbow lakes offer the possibility to watch giant river otters as well as caiman. Close to the center are two 120' high canopy platforms for observation of the upper levels of the forest.

A note regarding flights to/from Manu: Although the round-trip charter flight to Manu from Cusco is included in the cost of the Manu Wildlife Center Extension, travelers need to be aware that delays or last minute flight cancellations should be expected. The Boca Manu airstrip can only be serviced by small planes and the unpaved runway is susceptible to temporary closure due to rain or adverse weather conditions. If you are unable to reach Manu by plane, the lodge owners will provide options such as a 2 day overland/boat trip to the Wildlife Center or accommodation at a different lodge in the Amazon near Puerto Maldonado instead.